Good Governance In Bangladesh Role - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3034 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Political Essay Did you like this example? Recently the terms governance and good governance are being increasing used in development literature. A dramatic change has come in public administration and the paradigm shift towards good governance and sustainable developments. Day by day, the intellectuals, bureaucrats and civil society members are accepting the sprit of the concept and conceptualizing it in their own experience and environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Good Governance In Bangladesh Role" essay for you Create order In Bangladesh, all the internal and external actors of politics, administration and development are emphasizing on the need for good governance. Today it is not only academic issue rather it is being discussed in aid forum and executive meeting and discussions. But actual picture of governance in our country dose not prove to be good and satisfactory. Accountability of government and administration is at bay. Rule of law, a sound judicial system has not yet been ensured. Democratization and human right are being disrupted in many ways. This paper is a presentation of the concept governance, good governance, elements of good governance, good governance in Bangladesh and Role of Parliament in ensuring good governance in Bangladesh. The paper is based on secondary information, which includes recent publications, journals, books, and research reports. Relevant literature has also collected through Internet browsing. It is expected that the findings of the study would be 2 helpfu l for concerned organizations for creating awareness and undertaking active programs to improve governance. Governance The concept of governance is not new. It is old as human civilization. Simply put governance means the process of decision are implemented (or not implemented)1. Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance. In recent years there have been numerous attempts to define the term, but these efforts have not resulted in any universal consensus as to the precise meaning of governance. In general sense governance means exercising political power to manage a nation affair. Today governance is seen as a reflection of the role of the state in giving direction to the development, a country and political regime. According to land-ell-Mills and Serageldin, governance may by taken to denote how people are ruled how the affairs of a state are administered and regulated; it refers to a nations system of politics and how this functions in relation to public administration and law.2 According to World B ank booklet reports, governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countries economic and social resources for development.3 Governance can be viewed both in positive and negative terms.4 Good governance and poor or bad governance. For better understanding of good governance, we should known what is poor governance. Because it has been claimed that bad governance is regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within societies.5 A World Bank booklet cogently summarized the major symptoms of poor governance. 6 These are: 3 Failure to make a clear separation between what is public and what is private hence a tendency to direct public resources for private gain; Failure to establish a predictable frame work of law and government behavior conducive to development or arbitrariness in the application of rules and laws; 3.Executive rules, regulations, licensing requirements and so froth, which impede, functioning of markets and encourage rent seeking; 4. Priorities, inconsistent with development, resulting in a misallocation of resources; 5.Excessively narrowly based or non-transparent decision making. The other symptoms of poor governance are excessive costs, poor service to the public and failure to achieve the aims of policy (The British Council, 1991).7 Good Governance Since 1978, due to un-international standardized management, i.e. especially of some countries in Latin America and Africa, the super state, World Bank has then proposed a political term called good governance. In general sense good governance means an ideal governing system that is inevitable for political, economic, social and cultural development of a country. Ideal governing system means the ideal orientation of a state that works best to achieve self-reliance, sustainable development and social justice and the ideal functioning of government that operate most efficiently. According to V.K. Chopra, we define good governance as a system of governance that is able to unambiguously identify the basic values of the society where values are economic, political and socio-cultural issues Actually there is no complete and universal recognized satisfactory definition of good governance. In this respect we should discussed the4 including human rights, and pursue these values through an accountable and honest administration.8 When we talk about good governance we infact refer to the working relation among the three organs of the state and actions of the executive branch of the state. In operational terms these refer to enjoyment of fundamental human rights, independence of judiciary, abiding by the rule of law, policy based administrative dispension, transparency, accountability, predictability, effectiveness and efficiency of the government.9 Realizing the difficulties of define good governance the overwhelming tendency has been to delineate aspects of good governance.10 The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has highlighted several aspects of good governance. 11 Some of these include: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the promotion of democracy and open pluralistic societies; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the Strengthening of trans parent, accountable, efficient and effective national and local government; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the promotion of respect for human right; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the reinforcement of rule of law, including fair and accessible legal and judicial systems; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the promotion of independent media and the dissemination of information; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  anti-corruption initiatives; and ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  efforts to reduce excessive military expenditure. 5 elements of good governance for better and comprehensive idea of good governance. Elements of good governance A number of multilateral organizations (e.g. UNDP, World Bank, OECD) and bilateral organizations have reflected on the elements of good governance and on their relation to development. Multilateral organizations generally equate good governance with sound economic management based on (i) accountability; (ii) Participation; (iii) Predictability and (iv) Transparency.12 However, there are some bilateral donors who are not satisfied with this narrow economic definition of good governance. They would like at least five more elements to be included as an essential part of good governance, namely (i) democratization; (ii) human rights; (iii) the rule of law; (iv) cuts in military expenditure and (v) probity. 13 According to D. Bandyopadhyay, some of the main elements of good governance are: 14 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  accountability both financial and political; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  transparency both financial and political; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  easy access to information; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  popular participation in decision making and implementation; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  responsiveness; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  efficient delivery system of services and goods; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  enforcement of rule of law supplanting the rule of whims and caprices of rulers whether stipendiary or elected; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  client/ citizen satisfaction; and ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  an overall caring and humane ambience promoting an equalitarian and equitous social and economic order. 6 The United Nations Development Program (UNDP- Governance and Sustainable Human Development, 1977)15 has identified five basic principles of good governance, which are as follows: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚ ¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Legitimacy and voice all men and women should have a voice in decision-making either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their intention. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Direction leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, a long with a sense of what is needed for such development. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Performance Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders and institution produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Accountability decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Fairness All men and women have opportunities to improve of maintain their well being and legal frame work should be fair and enfor ced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Good Governance in Bangladesh At present, Good governance in Bangladesh is far from the actual consonance of the term. There are several factors and issues that are constraining the very process of good governance. The major factors are corruption, inefficiency of bureaucracy, politicization of administration, non-observance of the rule of law etc. The main issues and problems for ensuring good governance in Bangladesh are bellows: 7 Corruption Corruption is a big obstacle in the way of good governance in Bangladesh. Corruption has become so rampant that Bangladesh currently belongs to the worlds leading corrupt nations. It promotes the interest of a few ovel many rampant corruption slow down the investment and growth. It prevented a fair distribution of national wealth and broadened the gap between rich and poor. Which is most dangerous is that it is mainly responsible for the breakdown of law and order in the country. Inefficiency of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy is inevitable in any society or state, an inseparable part of an organized society.16 But the bureaucracy of Bangladesh is not efficient in management and administration. The capacity of policy implementation of our bureaucracy is very poor. Bureaucrats are not accountable and transparent to the people. Lack of bureaucratic accountability can be attributed inter-alia to bureaucratic corruption. But there is no effective mechanism to make them accountable and transparent. Political interference in administration In our country administration is always to work and the influence of party in power. So, here nepotism is widespread and administration is always unfair. The administration can not take any free and fair decision. Sometimes, political influence breech factionalism in the administration which in turn result in demoralization, utter negligence of work and often serious tension among the bureaucrats. Ministers, especially those with greater political strength and influence and initiative, tended to stress their overall supervisory role to dominate and direct those in administration who versed 8 under them, from secretaries downwards. In such situations the ministers virtually inclined to act as executive heads of their ministries, though they did not have to take the responsibilities either of the executive head or the principal accounting officer responsibilities which still technically and substantially remained with the secretaries.17 Nepotism Nepotism is another curse of our politics and administration. The rules in our country pursue nepotism. They give privilege and under advantage to their family members, kiths and kins on public resources. So the mass people remain after regime. Improper and non-observance of the rule of law In true and real sense the application of rule of law in Bangladesh follows a course of selective and discretionary application.18 It is said that laws are there but there are applied only in favor of privilege people or class. As a result justices suffer and denied to the common people. And this environment affect out right the basic rights of the poor and the social place elides although that is an important aspect of good governance. Improper use of resources The fund flow in Bangladesh is not smooth the local government, especially the union parishad. Beside, this fund is not utilized properly and very often diverted to other purposes. So, the ordinary people can not get efforts, if any, of ensuring good governance. 9 Role of Parliament Bangladesh opted to a parliamentary democracy following independence in 1971 in which establishment of a sovereign legislature was sought. The main thrust was to ensure the sovereignty of the people exercised through a democratically elected representative body called the legislature.19 In todays parliamentary system, most of the works related branch of the government headed by a Primminister, who is accountable to the parliament. The parliament is supposed to exercise control over the government through legislative business, for which the government has to rely on parliamentary approval. Besides, ministers including the Prime Minister are answerable to the parliament for their actions. There fore, the parliament has significant role to improve the quality of governance.20 Strengthen parliament in Bangladesh by the following ways: Strong parliamentary leadership Parliament has a lead role to play in raising issues and putting them on the national agenda. Strong supporting institutions remain essential to ensuring the effective implementation actor such as civil society and the private sector create a committee for accountability to build consensus on strengthening parliament across party lines. The speaker should impartial in conducting the business of parliament, ensuring fair and balanced access to the media. This is essential for effective parliamentary debate. Institutional capacity building For building institutional capacity the following steps should be followed: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Separate the parliamentary secretariat form the public service and ensure its political neutrality; 10 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Recruit and train parliamentary staff in relevant fields; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Establish a research support unit within the parliament, which is geared to the needs and responsive to MPs; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Provide intra-regional training for MPs (Particularly on financial matter) to strengthen their understanding of and participation in national policy-making. (iii) Procedure According to international Anti-corruption conference (IACC), 10-15 October 1999, Durban, South Africa the following efforts should be taken for effective parliamentary procedure: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Align rules and procedures to current and future capacity needs by challenging irrelevant and dated provisions; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ensure fair and effective use of power: (e.g. orders of the day, motions of adjournment, resolutions and vote thanks); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Provide orientation to new MPs regarding parliamentary practices and proceeding; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Establish a televised question hour, where Prime Minister and other Ministers are subject to direct daily questi oning; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Discuses and debate corruption issues more frequently in the in the parliament; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Identify means of increasing attendance in the parliament (e.g-by imposing penalties); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Reform procedures to ensure fair treatment of all MPs in time allocation. 11 (iv) Strengthening parliamentary oversight Parliamentary oversight is a watchdog function of the legislature. Parliamentary committee system is the most effective instrument of parliamentary oversight. There are 46 parliamentary committees of which 38 is for oversight function-35 standing committees plus the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), the Public Undertaking Committee (PUC) and Estimate Committee (EC). 21 Parliamentary oversight in Bangladesh is constructed by the difficulties in ascertaining and locating responsibility in the Ministry as to who is accountable for a particular act of omission and commission.22 According to Public Administration Reform Commission (PARC) report the following recommendations are necessary for effective parliamentary oversight.23 Each Member of parliament should be given an office, a computer, a personal staff with computer literacy and a small fund to collect information and prepare briefs for facilitating due discharge of his/her responsibilities. The personal staff will hold office during the incumbency of the concerned MP. MPs should under go familiarization and training about the working of the government and rules relating to working of the parliament; Each parliamentary committee should have adequate equipment and fund for secretarial support and studies relating to its responsibilities. The standing committees on Ministries should normally submit their written reports to the parliament regularly for debate and decision; Each parliamentary committee should have at least one woman MP as member; 12 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ -à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Some important parliamentary committee e.g. Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and Public Undertaking Committee (PUC) may be headed by opposition Members of parliament. On the other hand according to the recommendation of 9th international Anti-corruption conference (IACC) 10-15, October, 1999, Durban, South Africa, the parliamentary committee should be: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Gradually make committee meeting more open and transparent (e.g. open deliberations, issuing press releases on committee meetings, individual interviews with MPs immediately following committee sessions); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Insist that all legislation be sent to committees prior to debate in the parliament; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Provide for all standing committee to perform an audit function vis-a-vis individual government departments; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢ ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Elect strong chairs who can build consensus across party lines (oversight committee should be chaired by opposition members); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Establish active petition committee that make the public aware of their function to receive grievances. We can also follow the above suggestion. (v) The role of Individual MPs Strengthening individual MPs accountability by requiring that candidates provide important information prior to nomination, including the declaration of assists and any previous criminal record. Once individuals are elected to parliament, the process should allow for dismissal if it is proven that MPs had falsified their declaration. Provide training program for MPs so they better understand and can exercise their responsibilities and provide adequate infrastructure support to MPs including staff and offices. 13 (vi) The Budget process Involve parliamentarians in a more comprehensive way in the bu dget planning process (e.g. committees, debate, monitoring/oversight) can be followed the following steps: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Set out budget polices and priorities at least 2 months in advance of the budget speech to allow full debate before the new fiscal year; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Establish and/or strong then the financial budget committee so that it may play a major role in the budget process; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Insist that audit be done in a timely manner (e.g within 6 months of the end of fiscal year) and that public accounts and similar oversight committee play a more proactive role (e.g. review accounts from no further back than 1 year prior to the current fiscal year); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Reduce discretionary powers of the executive as regards modifications to the budget and insist that parliament approve any modifications, including supp lementary budgets, prior to expenditures taking place; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Provide the public and media with more access to information, including on the budget; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Simplify budget documents in language and form for greater access and understating; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Hold public hearing of the finance/budget committee to receive evidence from chamber of commerce and other groups affected by the budget. Conclusion Discussion and debate continues throughout the world as to the meaning an dimensions of governance. Yet consensus still eludes as to the accepted and authoritative meaning of the term. The quest for consensus is linked with using the term as a tool kit to understand and analyses the relationship 14 between various governmental institutions and other organizations and group operating with in the society. 24 In Bangladesh, above discussions clearly shows that the present condition of good governance in Bangladesh is not satisfactory. Many issues and problems are the barriers to ensure good governance. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, political interference in administration, nepotism, misuse of power and resources, improper and non-observance of the rule of law, non-accountable and non-transparent administration etc. are the common features of our government. Although a lot of measures need to be taken for ensuring good governance. Yet it I think utmost importance need to be given to make the parliament efficient and strong by strong leadership, building institutional capacity and strengthening parliamentary oversight to the best interest of good governance. I hope, if sincere efforts can be taken for implementing the above-mentioned steps to make the parliament effective and the parliament play its role sincerely good governance will be ensured. On the other extreme, the opposition, civil society and social groups and organizations also have the moral obligations to help and cooperate with the governments in this juncture.

The House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros - 886 Words

The House on Mango Street is a novel by Sandra Cisneros. The novel is acclaimed by critics and used in schools all around the world. â€Å"The House on Mango Street† is about a young Latina girl who is about the age of 12 when the novel begins. Sandra’s novels have sold over two million copies. Sandra was born on December 20, 1984, in Chicago, Illinois. In 2016, President Barack Obama presented her with the medal of ‘National Medal of Arts’. Title: The House on Mango Street Author: Sandra Cisneros The House on Mango Street is a novel where a young Latina girl tells her story of how she moved to the House on Mango Street and what her perspective of life in Chicago was like living with Chicagoans and Puerto Ricans. Esperanza, Carlos, Kiki,†¦show more content†¦Alicia is a friend that goes to a university when her mother died, her father made her take care of all the chores in the house. Alicia tried to escape the neighborhood without a man, but with arduous work. Esperanza s mother is one of the strongest women in the book but does not influence Esperanza. Esperanza matures considerably over the year. The novel shows how she makes friends, establish her first crush, grow hips, and even goes through sexual assault. When she first moves to Chicago, she makes friends with Rachel and Lucy. They buy a bike, learn interesting stories from Marin and play double Dutch. The girls are on the brink of puberty and at times feel sexually vulnerable, such as w hen Esperanza was kissed by an older man at her first job. Esperanza s sexual maturity and the death of her aunt and grandfather, which brings her closer to adults in the story. After she befriends Sally, who is more sexually advanced than most people in the story, traumatizes Esperanza as she uses men to get out of the neighborhood and to get out of her misery. Esperanza was emotionally ready to leave the neighborhood and she bought a house, but she can’t leave mango street because she has the desire to help the other women in the neighborhood. At the end of the year, Esperanza matured significantly and uses writing to help escape her emotions. In the chapter ‘The First Job’, She explains how she wants to work. She didn’t own her socialShow MoreRelatedThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1132 Words   |  5 Pageslives. In the collection of short stories, The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, she focuses on a young Hispanic girl named Esp eranza Cordero who grew up on Mango Street. As she is changing and maturing, she writes down her experiences about discrimination of gender, sexual orientation, and more. Esperanza s transformation from a young and innocent girl to a mature woman is displayed through her self-realization and experiences that help Cisneros reveal how one s own experiences can lead toRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1297 Words   |  6 Pagesto think of a story to create, most of the advice given to them is â€Å"write what you know.† This was perfect advice for Mexican-American writer Sandra Cisneros, who draws upon her coming-of-age events throughout her childhood and adolescence in â€Å"The House on Mango Street.† Drawing from life stories, her alter ego â€Å"Esperanza† describes everything from the house she lived in, to the hair on people’s heads. These personal stories show a stark contrast for any reader of a different culture, and confirmRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros913 Words   |  4 Pagesvignettes that made up â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, a coming-of-age novel by Mexican-American writer Sandra Cisneros. Cisneros in this specific vignette reveals the inherent oppressiveness of all marriages, which by their nature rob people of their independence. Sally is not even eight grades and she gets married. Her husband is a marshmallow salesman that she meets at a school bazaar. She moves to another state where is legal their marriage. Sally tells Esperanza about her house and domestic objects thatRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1854 Words   |  8 Pages The Street That Changed a Life The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, displays a great emphasis on culture and people helping form a young girl into a young lady. The main character, Esperanza, has to navigate a mentally and physically challenging life growing up in a poor, Hispanic neighborhood while still learning how to mature and rise above the poverty that surrounds her. Thus, the question arises: in what way and to what extent does close human interaction change Esperanza’s lifeRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros2004 Words   |  9 PagesIn The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, twelve-year-old Esperanza Cordero must navigate through the trials and tribulations that one can associate when encountering young adulthood. The author Cisneros, utilizes her unique writing style of vignettes to illustrate the narrative voice of Esperanza in her text. A major theme that can be seen as the most prominent thus far, is on the feminist role of Esperanza as a female in her Lati n American culture. The House on Mango Street is an overallRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros753 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you look at the cover of the book, The House on Mango Street, you see bright colors and a fun font. The first vignette that Sandra Cisneros writes is about Esperanza, a young Latino girl wishing that she had her own house, a house with trees and white fences. The way that Cisneros writes screams â€Å"little girl.† However, as you dive deeper into the book, the subject of each vignette gets darker. Slowly, we start to see the dangers of growing up as a young Latino girl in a Chicago neighborhoodRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe House on Mango Street, a novella by Sandra Cisneros, revolves around the idea of a developing Latino girl facing the difficulties of transitioning to a young mature woman. Esperanza moves into a house on Mango Street, where she meets many diverse influential peop le as she attempts to discover her true identity and understanding of the world. While doing this, she encounters the struggles of her community, socioeconomic class, and heritage. Esperanza’s opposing view of herself slowly adjusts asRead MoreThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros766 Words   |  3 Pagesliterary analysis on â€Å"The House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros. This story takes place in the center of an over populated Latino neighborhood in Chicago, a city where many of the poor areas are ethnically segregated. This novella uses two main symbols shoes and trees. Later in the literary analysis I will explain what these mean to the main characters. There are three main characters in the novella Esperanza, Sally and Nenny (short for â€Å"Magdalena†). The House on Mango Street tells the life of EsperanzaRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1087 Words   |  5 PagesRiaz Salehi The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, portrays the life of a teenage girl named Esperanza living on Mango Street. Though Esperanza lives in a diverse city, pre-existing stereotypes are affecting how others(women?) are perceived and treated. Esperanza starts to see how to change her community and the negative view of herself by taking the wrong actions of other women and connecting them to her own life experiences. To begin with, Esperanza always saw this great distinctionRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros2190 Words   |  9 Pagessociety centuries after its foundation. One of the books I feel perfectly touches on ethnicity in America specifically is Sandra Cisneros The House on Mango Street. Cisneros tells a coming of age story through brief episodes of a girl named Esperanza her life varying from things about her family, neighborhood, and different dreams and goals that she has. The House on Mango street is a personal and touching look at what it means to be a minority/immigrant in America as well what it means to grow up

Lord of the flies fixed Essay Example For Students

Lord of the flies fixed Essay In many novels chapter one introduces the characters and the setting. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies he not only introduces characters, settings, but also gives off clues to up coming events, by using the activities that the characters participaid in while in civilization. In the begging civilization is nothing big to the characters but a part of their normal life, there Golding gives off a clue, that laws, rules, policeman and schools are necessary to keep the darker side of human nature in line. But once the existence of civilization is abolished human beings revert to a more primitive part of their nature. The basic premise of Lord of the Flies is that humans naturally live in savagery and ignorance, without any idea how to live and how to live together. Every detail of chapter one holds symbolism. For example, Ralph, Jack, Piggy, Simon, Roger, Sam, and Eric each represent an aspect of civilized humanity, those who represent human nature survive, those who are self-actualized, the leaders die. Even their names hold meaning, Ralphs name means counsel, Jacks means (one who supplants) reflecting his use of force, Piggys name reflects is superior intellect, Simons means listener and Rogers means spear. This gives a clue to who could be the leader and who might survive and why society on the island broke down. While reading chapter one, the reader can discover one of the many themes of the story. The need for civilization is the most obvious one. With out civilization man tries to define himself. Maybe thats why Jack Merridew in civilization is the leader of the boys choir then is the leader of the tribe. How ironic that in the beginning the characters are described as well-educated young boys and turn out to be savage, ignorant boys. This is because they had no understanding of their surroundings and no idea of how to act without boundaries. In the begging the island is Paradise but as fear of the beast grows it begins to seem more like a prison to those who are still in touch with reality. The island is much like earth; we are trapped on it just like the boys are on the island. To the boys its as if war has destroyed civilization and they are the only survivors, just like us we think we are the only life in the galaxy and maybe we might be wrong.

Shallow Foundation free essay sample

Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as poorly-compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc. Pad foundations Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square or reactangular. They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or haunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad foundations can also be used. Strip foundations Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate. The main area of strip foundation are buildings with heavy walls (brick, concrete, stone), and heavy floor slabs. We will write a custom essay sample on Shallow Foundation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Strip foundation is located on the perimeter exterior walls, and placed under the supporting inner walls of buildings or other areas with increased load. Also strip foundation is well-suited for homes, which is planned to create basement, garage or basement. Strip foundation is also suitable in the case of a possible slight deformation of the base. Typically, strip footing located below the level of soil freezing at 20 cm of sandy soil You can lay the strip foundation and higher levels of freezing, but not more than 60 cm from ground level. For deep-freezing and highly swelling soils usually strip foundation shall not apply. Process itself strip foundation construction is simple, on the other hand it requires a fairly high cost of materials and work on the construction of the foundation. There are criteria for the minimum thickness of the foundation, which can be used building a house. Thus, the minimum thickness of reinforced concrete strip foundation – 10 cm of concrete – 25 cm, rubble concrete foundation – 35 cm, well and laying of natural stone – 50 cm in the construction of strip foundation to be also take into account the permissible load on the soil under the foundation. For clay soils at a depth of 80 cm load should not exceed 2 kg/cm2. In addition to pouring the foundation concrete mixtures, often strip foundations erected using ready-made foundation blocks or bricks. This speeds up the process of building a foundation. It should also be noted that during the construction of strip foundation is an opportunity to save money raising the foundation to the full depth only during the construction of heavy structures. There is still the most reliable option strip foundation remains solid foundation, more time-consuming and requires prior creating formwork and reinforcement training design to increase strength strip foundation. And in this case, the valves must be connected to each other by welding. Raft foundations Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area. Deep foundations * Piles Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths gt;3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface. Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces. Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed insitu in a deep excavation. Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson. Compensated foundations are deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement. Types of pile Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity can not be found at shallow enough depths to support the structural loads. It is important to understand that piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction. The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either end bearing or skin friction depends on the soil conditions. Piles can be used to support various different types of structural loads. End bearing piles End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile. Friction piles Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil.